"[177] The Court of Justice has long recognised fundamental rights and has, on occasion, invalidated EU legislation based on its failure to adhere to those fundamental rights.[178]. Innsbruck, Austria External event. [209], Following the Kosovo War in 1999, the European Council agreed that "the Union must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed by credible military forces, the means to decide to use them, and the readiness to do so, in order to respond to international crises without prejudice to actions by NATO". To this end it has adopted laws establishing minimum employment and environmental standards. Greece joined in 1981, Portugal and Spain following in 1986. Post-Maastricht there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. [215][216], In 2016, the average among EU countries was 0.4% and five had met or exceeded the 0.7% target: Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The monetary policy of the eurozone is determined by the European Central Bank. [96][97], Due to the high number of official languages, most of the institutions use only a handful of working languages. [h][101] English is the most widely spoken language in the EU, being understood by 51% of the EU population when counting both native and non-native speakers. This international dimension is reflected in the EU's Sixth Environmental Action Programme,[277] which recognises that its objectives can only be achieved if key international agreements are actively supported and properly implemented both at EU level and worldwide. [283], Basic education is an area where the EU's role is limited to supporting national governments. [323], The European Union has had a significant positive economic impact on most member states. Housing, youth, childhood, Functional diversity or elderly care are supportive competencies of the European Union and can be financed by the European Social Fund. [s] Previously, the EU itself could not accede to the convention as it is neither a state[t] nor had the competence to accede. 3I finanziamenti dell’Unione europea – Una guida per principianti Da dove iniziare La presente pubblicazione intende illustrare ai principianti l’ampia gamma di fondi messi a disposizione dall’Unione europea (UE). The distribution of competences in various policy areas between Member States and the Union is divided in the following three categories: The EU is based on a series of treaties. [123] Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are officially recognised as potential candidates,[122] with Bosnia and Herzegovina having submitted a membership application. The budget may still be approved if Hungary and Poland withdraw their vetos after further negotiations in the Council and the European Council. These were intervention stores of products bought up by the Community to maintain minimum price levels. [110], The EU has no formal connection to any religion. The EU's member states cover an area of 4,233,262 square kilometres (1,634,472 sq mi). Language policy", "Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary)", "Many tongues, one family. Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004). "[47] During the same decade, Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, one of the first to imagine of a modern political union of Europe, founded the Pan-Europa Movement. [63] Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum. There are similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees in vocational education and training, and for adult learners in the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013. Since the end of World War II, sovereign European countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or pooled sovereignty) in an increasing number of areas, in the so-called European integration project or the construction of Europe (French: la construction européenne). [288], The EU has no major competences in the field of health care and Article 35 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union affirms that "A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation of all Union policies and activities". [22] Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the union has developed a role in external relations and defence. There are also a number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or operate in a specific area. The European Commission acts both as the EU's executive arm, responsible for the day-to-day running of the EU, and also the legislative initiator, with the sole power to propose laws for debate. [327][328] Scholar Thomas Risse wrote in 2009, "there is a consensus in the literature on Eastern Europe that the EU membership perspective had a huge anchoring effects for the new democracies. The perceived benefits of becoming a member of the EU act as an incentive for both political and economic reform in states wishing to fulfil the EU's accession criteria, and are considered an important factor contributing to the reform of European formerly Communist countries. The non-EU member states of Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland participate in the single market but not in the customs union. It elects the commission's president, must approve the College of Commissioners, and may vote to remove them collectively from office. [172] Because of the doctrines of direct effect and supremacy, many judgments of the Court of Justice are automatically applicable within the internal legal orders of the member states. More recently, the EU has demonstrated leadership in global environmental governance, e.g. The details of how they are to be implemented are left to member states. [3], Eurostat's Eurobarometer opinion polls showed in 2005 that 52% of EU citizens believed in a god, 27% in "some sort of spirit or life force", and 18% had no form of belief. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London, Cases C-403/08 and C-429/08, Opinion of Advocate General Kokott, para 207, Riché, Preface xviii, Pierre Riché reflects: "[H]e enjoyed an exceptional destiny, and by the length of his reign, by his conquests, legislation and legendary stature, he also profoundly marked the history of Western Europe. PAUSA. [138][139] It is less integrated than a federal state because it is not a state in its own right: sovereignty continues to flow 'from the bottom up', from the several peoples of the separate member states, rather than from a single undifferentiated whole. [u] The Lisbon Treaty and Protocol 14 to the ECHR have changed this: the former binds the EU to accede to the convention while the latter formally permits it. Schengen: membro dello spazio Schengen dal 26 marzo 1995. Commissione europea - Politiche, informazioni e servizi. The Euro vs. [84], In 2010, 47.3 million people who lived in the EU were born outside their resident country. MEPs are elected on a national basis and they sit according to political groups rather than their nationality. Projects under TEN include the Channel Tunnel, LGV Est, the Fréjus Rail Tunnel, the Öresund Bridge, the Brenner Base Tunnel and the Strait of Messina Bridge. These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law; a functioning market economy; and the acceptance of the obligations of membership, including EU law. [210], EU forces have been deployed on peacekeeping missions from middle and northern Africa to the western Balkans and western Asia. Il 6 aprile 2020 l ’Ufficio … [244] According to the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome, which created the European Economic Community (EEC) and established a customs union. 150 adolescenti da quattro Paesi. … The EU has long sought to mitigate the effects of free markets by protecting workers rights and preventing social and environmental dumping. [258] The Polish road network was upgraded such as the A4 autostrada. [289][290][291], All EU and many other European countries offer their citizens a free European Health Insurance Card which, on a reciprocal basis, provides insurance for emergency medical treatment insurance when visiting other participating European countries. [274] 21–26. [213], The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department, or "ECHO", provides humanitarian aid from the EU to developing countries. It acts externally as a "collective head of state" and ratifies important documents (for example, international agreements and treaties).[142]. The European Constitution in the Making. Mission Innovation (MI) is a global initiative of 24 countries and the European Commission (on behalf of the European Union). The Council of the European Union (also called the Council[149] and the "Council of Ministers", its former title)[150] forms one half of the EU's legislature. [240], Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently becoming a single market, and a customs union between its member states. The aims of EU policy in this area are to co-ordinate and stimulate research. Furthermore, the European Convention on Human Rights and European Social Charter, as well as the source of law for the Charter of Fundamental Rights are created by the Council of Europe. [18][69] The treaty also gave the name European Community to the EEC, even if it was referred as such before the treaty. After much discussion, the most concrete result was the EU Battlegroups initiative, each of which is planned to be able to deploy quickly about 1500 personnel. [127] The lowest points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark and Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands, at 7 m (23 ft) below sea level. [181], The European Ombudsman was established by the Maastricht Treaty. Since 2019 there is a European Commissioner for Equality; a European Institute for Gender Equality has existed since 2007. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where members have agreed to act as one. and is effectively treated as one of the Copenhagen criteria. Strategy; About the European Commission; Business, Economy, Euro; Live, work, travel in the EU; Law; … [83] Its population growth rate was positive at an estimated 0.23% in 2016. Rail transport in Europe is being synchronised with the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), an initiative to greatly enhance safety, increase efficiency of trains and enhance cross-border interoperability of rail transport in Europe by replacing signalling equipment with digitised mostly wireless versions and by creating a single Europe-wide standard for train control and command systems. 9 I principali meccanismi finanziari dell’Unione europea Per raggiungere gli obiettivi strategici di Europa 2020 l’Unione europea si avvale di due diverse tipologie di strumenti finanziari: A. la gestione indiretta, i cosiddetti Fondi strutturali B. la gestione diretta, che comprende: Le 7 iniziative faro La Commissione europea ha proposto un totale di 7 iniziative faro: Unione nell’innovazione: … In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined the Union.[71]. PDF Program prezydencji Niemiec w Radzie Unii Europejskiej - 1 lipca 2020 r. – 31 grudnia 2020 r. PDF, 1.1 MB, Accessible document Internal link. [82] For comparison, the EU-28 birth rate had stood at 10.6 in 2000, 12.8 in 1985 and 16.3 in 1970. To complement this framework, there is also a European Systemic Risk Board under the responsibility of the ECB. [157] "Administration" accounts for around 6%. Soltanto eventi online. The European Union represents all its members at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and acts on behalf of member states in any disputes. International recognition of sustainable development as a key element is growing steadily. Scientific development is facilitated through the EU's Framework Programmes, the first of which started in 1984. Of the top 500 largest corporations in the world measured by revenue in 2010, 161 had their headquarters in the EU. Federalism and European union: The building of Europe, 1950–2000. The High Representative heads up the European External Action Service (EEAS), a unique EU department[196] that has been officially implemented and operational since 1 December 2010 on the occasion of the first anniversary of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. Article 256(1) (ex article 225(1)) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on. L’Unione europea: 500 milioni di abitanti, 27 paesi Stati membri dell’Unione europea Paesi candidati 2. POSTPONED to 2021 – Meet Central Europe 2020 – Inspiring Vendor Managers. The European Union has seven principal decision-making bodies, its institutions: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank and the European Court of Auditors. [215] The European Development Fund (EDF, €22.7 billion for the period 2008–2013 and €30.5 billion for the period 2014–2020) is made up of voluntary contributions by member states, but there is pressure to merge the EDF into the budget-financed instruments to encourage increased contributions to match the 0.7% target and allow the European Parliament greater oversight. In particular, it changed the legal structure of the European Union, merging the EU three pillars system into a single legal entity provisioned with a legal personality, created a permanent President of the European Council, the first of which was Herman Van Rompuy, and strengthened the position of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. [62], In 1973, the Communities were enlarged to include Denmark (including Greenland, which later left the Communities in 1985, following a dispute over fishing rights), Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Membro della zona euro dal 1ยบ gennaio 1999. Mitigating climate change is one of the top priorities of EU environmental policy. 09 Apr 2020 - 08:05. This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed Directive on services in the internal market which aims to liberalise the cross border provision of services. Signing the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a condition for EU membership. Yes No. The most visible of these has been the Erasmus Programme, a university exchange programme which began in 1987. [260], The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of the long lasting policies of the European Community. [285][286] Through its support of the Bologna Process, the EU is supporting comparable standards and compatible degrees across Europe. [168] These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals. Pan-European political thought truly emerged during the 19th century, inspired by the liberal ideas of the French and American Revolutions after the demise of Napoléon's Empire (1804–1815). [115] The other world religions of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism are also represented in the EU population. The other sports with the most participants in clubs are tennis, basketball, swimming, athletics, golf, gymnastics, equestrian sports, handball, volleyball and sailing. 16–22). The population of the UK is roughly 0.9% of the world's population. The Council of Europe gave the flag a symbolic description in the following terms,[308] though the official symbolic description adopted by the EU omits the reference to the "Western world":[309]. 09:35. Search this website. [116] The most religious countries were Malta (95%, predominantly Catholic) as well as Cyprus and Romania (both predominantly Orthodox) each with about 90% of citizens professing a belief in their respective god. With further enlargement planned to include the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as Cyprus and Malta, the Copenhagen criteria for candidate members to join the EU were agreed upon in June 1993. Esso ha permesso due paesi al termine dei negoziati.a paesi come la Repubblica ceca, l’Estonia,Cipro, la Lettonia, la Lituania, l’Ungheria, d) I Balcani occidentaliMalta, la Polonia, la Slovenia e la Slovac- Questi paesi, la maggior parte dei quali ap-chia, che sono fortemente europei, non solo parteneva un tempo alla Iugoslavia, guar-dal punto di vista geografico, ma anche in dano sempre più … In 2012, its budget amounted to €874 million, 51% of the budget went to Africa and 20% to Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Pacific, and 20% to the Middle East and Mediterranean.