One of their most significant first acts was the assassination of 'Ali. Mu'awiyya and the Umayyads, however, adopted models of kingship from surrounding peoples. This sect was called Ithna-'Ashari (Twelver) or Imami (Imam) Shi'a, and was the form of Shi'a that eventually came to exclusively represent Shi'ism. Two tribes based in Syria, the Qays and the Kalb, rallied around two separate candidates for caliph: Marwan ibn al-Hakam and Ibn al-Zubayr. Upon Muhammad's death, a hastily collected group of prominent Muslim leaders elected Muhammed's father in law, Abu Bakr, to be the secular head of Islam. The Umayyads, lead by Abu Sufyan, were a largely merchant family of the Quraish tribe centred at Mecca. The Sufyanid line founded by Mu'awiya failed in 683 and Umayyad authority was challenged in the Second Muslim Civil War, but the dynasty ultimately prevailed under Marwan I, who founded the Marwanid line of Umayyad caliphs. Despite staunch opposition to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Umayyads embraced Islam before the latter's death in 632. [4] Other than those who had escaped to al-Andalus, most of the Marwanids were killed in the Abbasid purges of 750. an extraordinary collection of umayyad coinage. Now it is once more made available, with the addition of a new introduction by the author which examines recent significant contributions to scholarship in the field. He decreed that all administration was to be done only in Arabic. 'Sons of Umayya') or Umayyads (الأمويون), were the ruling family of the Muslim caliphate between 661 and 750 and later of Islamic Spain between 756 and 1031. The first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiyya, also introduced a new method of selecting caliphs. Blog. Amazon.com: The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750 (9780415240734): Hawting, G. R: Books With the caliph as a patron, artists and writers begin to develop a new, partly secular culture based on Islamic ideas. It was one such rebellious group, the 'Abassids, that would finally overthrow the dynasty. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim wo A grand total of ten Imams succeeded 'Ali, passing the Imamate down to their sons in hereditary succession. While nomadic and sedentary Arabs were completely accustomed to the tribal patriarchal model that the early caliphs followed, subject populations only understood authority as it was vested in a powerful and distant monarch. Following their defeat at the Battle of the Camel near Basra, which saw the deaths of their leaders Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and al-Zubayr ibn Awwam, both potential contenders of the caliphate, the mantle of opposition to Ali was taken up chiefly by Mu'awiya. The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750 - Kindle edition by Hawting, G. R. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. But the Umayyads seem to be fairly uninterested in religious questions or the religious obligations of their position—it is rather as secular and secularizing rulers that their interest and greatness lies. This is not to say that the Umayyad caliphate was not unmarred by degeneracy and downright cruelty. With the death of Mu'awiyya in 680 and the succession of his son, Yazid, a second civil war broke out with the followers of 'Ali. - Numismatica Genevensis SA Public Numismatic Auction #8 Conversion was not forced on conquered peoples; however, since non-believers had to pay an extra tax and were not technically citizens, many people did convert for religious and non-religious reasons. The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (691), the first major Umayyad architectural undertaking completed under the patronage of the caliph ‘Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705), was built on a prominent site formerly occupied by Solomon’s Temple and later associated with Muhammad’s ascent to heaven. For the states ruled by the dynasty, see, Opposition to Islam and adoption of Islam, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umayyad_dynasty&oldid=1005652786, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 February 2021, at 19:53. So desperate was he for victory, that he showered Mecca and the Ka'aba with catapults and freely destroyed the holy place. Get this from a library! [4] The former grouped the descendants of Umayya's sons Abu al-As, al-As, Abu al-Is and al-Uways, all of whose names shared the same or similar root, hence the eponymous label, "Aʿyās". [9] They superseded the Banu Makhzum led by Abu Jahl as a result of the heavy losses that its leadership incurred fighting the Muslims at the Battle of Badr in 624. Umayyad, also Omayyad, first great Arab Muslim dynasty of caliphs (religious and secular leaders) founded by Muawiyah I in 661 and lasting until 750. [27], The reunification of the Muslim community under Mu'awiya's leadership marked the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty. Omíadas, também Omayyad, primeira grande dinastia árabe muçulmano de legatários (líderes religiosos e seculares), fundada por Muawiyah I, em 661 e até 750. In the east, Islamic armies made it as far as the Indus River in 710—under al-Walid, the caliphal empire stretched from Spain to India! With the Islamic world enjoying a measure of stability, Abd al-Malik's son and successor, al-Walid I (705-715 AD/86-96 AH), began again Islamic conquests and took the early Islamic empire to its farthest extents. It was when the 'Abassids allied themselves with the 'Alids that the death-knell of Umayyad power was sounded. Remote health initiatives to help minimize work-from-home stress; Oct. 23, 2020 [24] It ultimately led to an indecisive arbitration, which ultimately weakened Ali's command over his partisans, while raising the stature of Mu'awiya as Ali's equal. This model, however, is what kept the new empire together. [19] Uthman initially kept his predecessors' appointees in their provincial posts, but gradually replaced many with Umayyads or his maternal kinsmen from the Banu Umayya's parent clan, the Banu Abd Shams:[20] Mu'awiya, who had been appointed governor of Syria by Umar, retained his post; al-Walid ibn Uqba and Sa'id ibn al-'As were successively appointed to Kufa, one of the two main garrisons and administrative centers of Iraq; and Marwan ibn al-Hakam became his chief adviser. In the middle of the siege, however, he died, and the caliphate was bestowed on his adolescent son, Mu'awiyya II. The Umayyad Empire had its capital in Damascus and was supported through the military strength of Syrian troops. Omeya, también Omeya, primera gran dinastía musulmana árabe de los califas (los líderes religiosos y seculares), fundado por Muawiya I … They separated their court from the Muslim community and surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony. When Prophet was on his deathbed, the Sahabas would ask him “who’s going to lead us after you?” and the Prophet said you need to elect someone. He first assigned the Umayyad Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As as commander of the expedition, then replaced him with four commanders, among whom was Yazid, the son of Abu Sufyan, who owned property and maintained trade networks in Syria. Al-Walid also began the first great buiilding projects of Islam, the most famous of which is the mosque at Damascus. [2] These roles passed to his sons Abd Shams, Hashim and others. Dopo la morte di Alì e la conseguente scissione in seno al mondo islamico, i sunniti guidati dalla dinastia Omayyade diedero vita al primo califfato ereditario della storia dell’Islam che guidò la Umma dal 661 al 750 d.C. . Umayyad, also Omayyad, first great Arab Muslim dynasty of caliphs (religious and secular leaders) founded by Muawiyah I in 661 and lasting until 750. During his tenure, Islam enjoyed twenty years of internal peace and solidified its control over Iraq and Iran. The Umayyads do not fare well in Islamic history which tells a tale of an unremitting line degenerate and weak caliphs; western historians have for the most part accepted this history. [29] Abu Sufyan's other sons were Yazid, who preceded Mu'awiya I as governor of Syria, Amr, Anbasa, Muhammad and Utba. With their combined forces, they defeated the last of the Marwani calphis, Marwan II (744-750/127-32), who was later murdered. The prominent families of Medina and other areas persuaded 'Ali to become Caliph, which he did in 656; 'Ali had become the fourth Caliph of Islam and the last of the Patriarchal caliphs. [29] Uqba's son, al-Walid, served as Uthman's governor in Kufa for a brief period. [4], Two of the sons of Abu al-As, Affan and al-Hakam, each fathered future caliphs, Uthman and Marwan I, respectively. Espansione durante il Califfato Omayyade, 661-750 Costituisce la massima magistratura islamica (con una rilevanza eminentemente politica, anche se non esente da risvolti spirituali), ma non è prevista nel Corano e neanche nella Sunna di Maometto. It was ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic: بنو أمية ‎, Banu Umayyah) who came from Mecca, in present-day Saudi Arabia. The most significant of these was the adoption of Byzantine administrative and financial systems. [27], In the early 7th century, prior to their conversion to Islam, the main branches of the Umayyads were the A'yas and the Anabisa. In order to view Prices please Login or Join. [5], When the Islamic prophet Muhammad, a member of the Banu Hashim, a politically weaker and less wealthy clan of the Quraysh related to the Banu Umayya through their shared ancestor, Abd Manaf, began his religious teachings in Mecca, he was opposed by most of the Quraysh. [2] Abd Shams was the father of Umayya, the eponymous progenitor of the Umayyads. This intemperate act inspired the people of Medina to revolt—Yazid put down this revolt and then laid siege to Mecca. This created several problems, particularly since Islam was so closely connected with being Arab—being Arab, of course, was more than an ethnic identity, it was a tribal identity based on kinship and descent. [1] The Quraysh derived prestige among the Arab tribes through their protection and maintenance of the Ka'aba, which at the time was regarded by the largely polytheistic Arabs across the Arabian Peninsula as their most sacred sanctuary. But because he died a year later, the reconquest of Islamic lands would fall to his son 'Abd al-Malik, who ruled from 685 to 705 (65-86 AH). le monde arabe the umayyad dynasty - ah 41-132 (661-750). Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, American Public Opinion On Religious Discrimination, Countries With The Largest Muslim Populations, The Pact of Umar Regulating the Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule, Muslim Discrimination Against Non-Muslims, Abu 'Ali al-Husayn ibn 'Abd Allah ibn Sina, © 1998 - 2021 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Omayyadi Dinastia califfale araba, successiva al primo califfato dei Rashidun, regnò dal 661 al 750 sull’impero islamico. This was a model of leadership based on the idea that authority was vested in super-normal individuals, a radically different turn of events in the Muslim world. Abu Sufyan and the Banu Umayya relocated to the city to maintain their growing political influence. Media in category "Umayyad Caliphate" The following 4 files are in this category, out of 4 total. Like the followers of 'Ali and the Kharjites, the 'Abassids believed that the spirit of Islam had been betrayed by the secular-minded Umayyads—as relatives of Muhammad, their pietism had a concrete character to it. [27] Based on the accounts of the traditional Muslim sources, Hawting writes that, ... the Umayyads, leading representatives of those who had opposed the Prophet [Muhammad] until the latest possible moment, had within thirty years of his death reestablished their position to the extent that they were now at the head of the community which he had founded. However, 'Ali, Muhammed's son-in-law and cousin, was not part of this committee nor were other members of Muhammed's immediate family, and many believed that Muhammed had designated 'Ali as a successor, for the Traditions had Muhammed naming him as both his brother and his successor. He also embodied fully the Arabic virtue of hilm, or "leniency," and generously forgave even some of his worst enemies. The Umayyads drove on the early Muslim conquests, including North Africa, Spain, Central Asia, and Sindh, but the constant warfare exhausted the state's military resources, while Alid revolts and tribal rivalries weakened the regime from within. But the truth may be somewhat grayer. Califado Omíada (661–750/1031) Califado Omíada de Damasco (661–750) It is for this reason that Islamic historians do not call the Umayyad period a caliphate, but rather use the term "kingdom" (mulk). Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750. [9] He installed another member of the clan, Attab ibn Asid ibn Abi al-Is, as the first governor of Mecca. He attracted followers that were equally devout and equally zealous—when he began to strike bargains with the Umayyads, some of these followers felt that now 'Ali, too, had betrayed Islam. The Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ‎, romanized: Banū Umayya, lit. [28] From his descendants, the Sufyanids, came Mu'awiya I, who founded the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, and Mu'awiya I's son and successor, Yazid I. The leader of the 'Abassids, Abu'l-'Abbas, went about systematically and ruthlessly killing as many Umayyads as he could find. The Umayyad dynasty ruled the early Muslim community from 661 to 750 C.E. The long history of Islamic architecture really begins with al-Walid. [21], The assassination of Uthman in 656 became a rallying cry for the Qurashi opposition to his successor and cousin of Muhammad, Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib of the Banu Hashim. In part to alleviate that threat, al-Walid instituted Arabic as the only official language of the empire. A member of the clan, Uthman, went on to become the third Rashidun caliph in 644–656, while other members held various governorships. 'Sons of Umayya') or Umayyads (الأمويون), were the ruling family of the Muslim caliphate between 661 and 750 and later of Islamic Spain between 756 and 1031.